Some Problems of Calculation Concerning Roadway Lighting

Luminance Metrics for Roadway Lighting

Roadway Intersections , Lighting and Safety

As Se en at ITS A 2 01 3! Why Light Roadways? Among the chief reasons for installing roadway lighting, according to guidance from the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES, 2000), is the potential for lighting to contribute to improved nighttime safety. And the logic that roadway lighting provides drivers with improved visibility and in turn greater distance and longer time to respond to potent...

Some Ontological Problems concerning Predication

The Aristotelian double characterization of a primary substance exploits the difference between the part-whole relation and the non-linguistic relation of predication. A problem arises whether and how the second relation could be reduced to something else. Such a reduction is explicitly declared or at least implicitly assumed in all version of conceptualism and nominalism. The moderate realism ...

Roadway Lighting Design Methodology and Evaluation

Theoretical methods are usually performed for ideal conditions to determine the illuminance and luminance but other design limitations should be considered in the real world. Also the visibility level is calculated by using background and target luminance under ideal conditions. In reality, there are many factors, which are very difficult to predict and include in lighting design equation. Huma...

Towards Highly Energy-Efficient Roadway Lighting

The reports presented by consulting firms show that annual energy costs generated by 340 million streetlights are expected to reach $23.9 to $42.5 billion by 2025. Those numbers reveal a motivation behind the research aiming at optimizing outdoor lighting energy efficiency. They show that even a small unit improvement can yield large benefits due to the effect of scale. The development of solid...